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S1.1 - Introduction to the particulate nature of matter S1.2 - The nuclear atom S1.3 - Electron configurations S1.4 - Counting particles by mass - The mole S1.5 - Ideal gases S2.1 - The ionic model S2.2 - The covalent model S2.3 - The metallic model S2.4 - From models to materials S3.1 - The periodic table - Classification of elements S3.2 - Functional groups - Classification of organic compounds R1.1 - Measuring enthalpy changes R1.2 - Energy cycles in reactions R1.3 - Energy from fuels R1.4 - Entropy and spontaneity AHL R2.1 - How much? The amount of chemical change R2.2 - How fast? The rate of chemical change R2.3 - How far? The extent of chemical change R3.1 - Proton transfer reactions R3.2 - Electron transfer reactions R3.3 - Electron sharing reactions R3.4 - Electron-pair sharing reactions

R3.4 - Electron-pair sharing reactions

3.4.1 Nucleophilic 3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction 3.4.3 Electrolytic Fission and Ionic Formation 3.4.4 Electrophilic 3.4.5 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes 3.4.6 Lewis Acids and Bases (AHL) 3.4.7 Lewis Acid-Base Reaction and Co-ordinate Bonds (AHL) 3.4.8 Complex Ions and Ligand Co-coordination (AHL) 3.4.9 SN1 and SN2 Reaction (AHL) 3.4.10 Leaving Group and Substitution (AHL) 3.4.11 Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes (AHL) 3.4.12 Major Product of Addition Reaction (AHL) 3.4.13 Electrophilic Substitution of Benzene (AHL)

Electrophiles

Specification Reference R3.4.4

Quick Notes

  • An electrophile is a species that accepts a lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
  • Electrophiles are electron-deficient and attracted to electron-rich regions (like nucleophiles or π bonds).
  • Electrophiles can be positively charged or neutral.
  • Common electrophiles include: H+ , NO2+ , Br2 , AlCl3 , BF3 and δ+ parts of polar molecules
  • Electrophiles are Lewis acids because they accept an electron pair.

Full Notes

What is an Electrophile?

An electrophile is an electron pair acceptor.

In reactions, an electrophile accepts a lone pair of electrons from a nucleophile to form a covalent bond.

Characteristics of Electrophiles

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species. They can be positively charged ions (e.g. H+, NO2+) or neutral molecules with a δ+ atom (e.g. SO3).

They are attracted to electron-rich centres like lone pairs or π bonds in alkenes.

Common Electrophiles

Summary